Monday, March 2, 2015

The Scary Face of Rain..

Rain is usually a blessing as it brings to us the basic and most important element of life, water. Mostly in hot regions or especially in summers it is considered soothing with cold breeze and drizzle..
But this blessing if continues for a longer time with high intensity turns into a calamity creating pretty precarious situations.


Heavy rain is a major cause of road accidents:
When downpour continues immensely for a longer time, it accumulates on unpaved roads creating muck and mess. On paved roads e-g Roads and highways, high intensity rain hinders smooth drive affecting the sight distance. There is a greater chance of skidding of vehicles on rain slick roads which result in loss of life in form of accidents.


Floods and Erosion a worst case scenario:
When precipitation accumulates on land for longer time, it causes floods and erosion of soil. In cities and other populated areas, where no proper drainage facilities are available, heavy rains storm roads and even residential colonies. Most of the time we witness people losing everything they have.
On hilly terrains, continuous rainfall makes the soil too loose. The sloping areas with less vegetation can no more stay intact ultimately sliding down in form of erosion. This situation is worst as it results in loss of life, property and vegetation.


Look around for live electrical wires !!
Most of the time people are oblivious of this very critical point to ponder. When you are in a situation where heavy rain has surrounded everything around you, you must look for electrical wires around. In such situations when everything around you is wet, you are very likely to be hit by an electrical jolt, which in worst cases can be fetal. So keep away from electrical poles and wires during rainfall.


Children… An easy prey to heavy rain:
Most of the people do not look for where their children are during heavy rainfall. One must understand that heavy rains flood the streets where mostly children keep busy playing. Children can no more sustain the fast and high impact of water and in worst cases be carried away. So one should not only take care of family but also keep an eye on others as well.



Your life is more important than your work:
In a situation where you get up early in the morning, witnessing heavy downpour out in your backyard, you got to think seriously if it is okay to go for office? When there is heavy rain outside, you should take all precautionary measures before deciding to get out of your doorstep. If you have a bike, you should have a proper waterproof outfit. You should have an umbrella which is petty yet a fruitful gadget that can save your important things such as your cell phones and other documents.




Heavy rainfall is detrimental to buildings:(Old and under construction)
Heavy rainfall has a very adverse impact on buildings under construction. The continued downpour affects the foundation of structures which is the key to stability. When water accumulates in the surrounding of the buildings, it results in seepage. Seepage is devastating to foundation of building ultimately causing failure and catastrophe.
On the other hand old buildings which do not undergo proper rehabilitation in regular intervals are an easy prey to heavy rainfall. Most of the old buildings and residential areas are reported to have caved in during heavy rains.


Keeping in view the above factors one must understand that where rain brings relief during hot summers it can equally throw you into life threatening situations.

Therefore one must take all precautions .

Sunday, March 1, 2015

PAVEMENT( Road and Highway)



What is a Pavement?
It is a structure or a set of layers which serves as a medium for smooth passage of traffic ( light or heavy) by distributing the load to the ground .


Types of Pavement:
There are two types of pavements in general
1-      Flexible Pavements
2-      Rigid Pavement



Flexible Pavement:
·         It is the pavement which consists of certain layers e-g
·         Wearing course which is the top layer
·         Base course which is below the wearing course generally consists of aggregates.
·         Sub Base course which comes below the base course.. usually not needed
·         Subgrade which is the lowest part of the pavement is generally the natural ground compacted.



Types of flexible Pavements:
Flexible pavements are further of three types according to the aggregates used
1-      Densely graded
2-      Uniformly graded
3-      Gap graded
According to depth they are further of three types:
1-      Partial depth
2-      Full depth
3-      Other (CRAM)


Rigid Pavements:
In this type of pavement the load is transferred to ground by the beam action of a concrete slab PCC or RCC. It consists of following layers:
·         Wearing course which is the topmost layer consisting of bitumen and asphalt
·         Below the wearing course concrete slab is provided with is 6” to 12” according to traffic.
·         Base/Sub base course too is optional( usually of aggregate)
·         Sub grade which is compacted natural ground




Types of Rigid Pavements:
There are two main types of rigid pavements

1-      Continuously reinforced concrete pavements(CRCP)
2-      Jointed  plain concrete pavements(JPCP)

Continuously reinforced concrete pavement consists of a continuous reinforced bar passing throughout the slab.
Jointed plain concrete pavement consists of longitudinal and transverse joints which are held together by dowels and tie bars.

Flexible and Rigid Pavement comparison

Flexible pavements:
          They have Deep foundations / multi layer construction
          Energy is consumed  due to transportation of materials
          Increasing cost of asphalt due to high oil prices
Rigid pavements
          Generally have Single layer
          Generally last for longer time


Failure types:
Following are the failures types in the rigid and flexible pavements

Flexible Pavement:
·         Fatigue cracking
·         Rutting
·         Thermal Cracking

Rigid Pavements:
·         Fatigue cracking
·         Pumping or erosion
·         Faulting
·         Spalling

·        Erosion

Safety is an important Consideration:




s